Bojangles Inc: Business Model, SWOT Analysis, and Competitors 2024

Bojangles Inc, a renowned fast-food restaurant chain, has been a beloved Southern institution for decades. In this blog article, we will delve into Bojangles' business model, conducting a comprehensive SWOT analysis, and exploring its competitors in the ever-evolving fast-food industry. As we look ahead to 2024, it is crucial to understand the key factors that have contributed to Bojangles' success and how it can stay ahead of its rivals in an increasingly competitive market. Join us as we dissect this iconic brand and its future prospects.

What You Will Learn:

• Who owns Bojangles Inc and the significance of their ownership in relation to the company's success and decision-making process.
• The mission statement of Bojangles Inc and how it guides the company's overall objectives and values.
• How Bojangles Inc generates revenue and the various sources of income that contribute to its financial success.
• An in-depth explanation of the Bojangles Inc Business Model Canvas and how it is applied to the company's operations and strategic planning.
• The main competitors of Bojangles Inc in the fast food industry and the strategies they employ to compete with the company.
• A comprehensive SWOT analysis of Bojangles Inc, highlighting its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the market.

Who owns Bojangles Inc?

Ownership History of Bojangles Inc.

Bojangles Inc., the popular fast-food restaurant chain known for its delectable Southern fried chicken and made-from-scratch biscuits, has seen several changes in ownership over the years. Understanding the company's ownership history provides valuable insights into its growth and development.

Founding and Initial Ownership

Bojangles Inc. was founded in 1977 by Jack Fulk and Richard Thomas, two seasoned restaurant industry veterans. They opened the first Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits in Charlotte, North Carolina, with the vision of serving high-quality, flavorful food in a casual, friendly atmosphere.

For almost two decades, Fulk and Thomas remained the sole owners of Bojangles Inc., overseeing its expansion across the Southeastern United States. Their commitment to providing excellent food and exceptional customer service fueled the company's success, earning them a loyal customer base.

Acquisition by Advent International

In 1994, Fulk and Thomas decided to sell Bojangles Inc. to Advent International, a global private equity firm. The acquisition aimed to leverage Advent International's expertise in the restaurant industry and capitalize on the growing demand for Bojangles' unique menu offerings.

Under Advent International's ownership, Bojangles Inc. witnessed significant expansion and brand recognition. The private equity firm's strategic investments and operational guidance helped Bojangles Inc. solidify its position as a leading fast-food chain in the Southeast.

Initial Public Offering (IPO)

After more than two decades of successful growth under Advent International, Bojangles Inc. decided to go public. In 2015, the company conducted its initial public offering (IPO) and began trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol "BOJA."

This move allowed Bojangles Inc. to raise capital to fuel further expansion and enhance its brand presence. It also provided an opportunity for investors to own a stake in the company and participate in its future success.

Acquisition by Durational Capital Management and The Jordan Company

However, in 2019, Bojangles Inc. announced that it would be taken private once again. Durational Capital Management and The Jordan Company, both private investment firms, partnered to acquire the restaurant chain. The acquisition aimed to leverage the expertise of both firms to continue Bojangles' growth trajectory and enhance its profitability.

Current Ownership

As of now, Durational Capital Management and The Jordan Company remain the owners of Bojangles Inc. Their combined industry knowledge and strategic investments are expected to drive the company's future expansion plans and ensure its continued success.

In conclusion, the ownership history of Bojangles Inc. showcases a journey of growth, with different owners contributing to the company's development and expansion. From its humble beginnings under the founders' ownership to the private equity ownership and the subsequent IPO, Bojangles Inc. has consistently evolved and adapted to meet the demands of its loyal customers. Under the current ownership, the future looks promising for this beloved Southern fast-food chain.

What is the mission statement of Bojangles Inc?

The Mission Statement of Bojangles Inc: Delivering Exceptional Southern Hospitality and Flavorful Food

Bojangles Inc, a well-known fast-food chain primarily operating in the southeastern United States, has established a clear and concise mission statement that encompasses their core values and business philosophy. With a focus on delivering exceptional Southern hospitality and flavorful food, Bojangles aims to create a unique dining experience for their customers.

Putting Southern Hospitality at the Forefront

One of the pillars of Bojangles' mission statement is their commitment to providing Southern hospitality. This extends beyond simply serving customers with a smile; it embodies the warm, friendly, and genuine spirit that characterizes the South. Bojangles strives to make each customer feel welcomed, appreciated, and valued during their dining experience.

From the moment customers walk through the doors of a Bojangles restaurant, they are greeted by friendly staff members who go above and beyond to ensure their needs are met. The company fosters a culture of attentiveness, respect, and courtesy, creating an environment that reflects the essence of Southern hospitality.

Flavorful Food as the Heart of the Experience

Bojangles is renowned for its flavorful food, and their mission statement reflects the importance they place on this aspect. Whether it's their famous made-from-scratch biscuits, Cajun-inspired chicken, or homestyle sides, Bojangles strives to deliver a taste that keeps customers coming back for more. The company is committed to preparing each dish with care, using quality ingredients, and ensuring consistency in flavor and presentation.

In line with their mission statement, Bojangles constantly explores innovative ways to enhance their menu while staying true to their Southern roots. They seek to provide a diverse range of mouthwatering options that cater to different tastes and preferences, ensuring there is something delicious for everyone.

Going Above and Beyond

Bojangles' mission statement also emphasizes their dedication to exceeding customer expectations. It is not just about delivering exceptional food and service; it is about creating moments of joy and satisfaction that customers will remember long after their visit. Bojangles strives to leave a lasting impression, consistently going above and beyond to ensure every customer leaves feeling content and delighted.

From offering personalized recommendations to accommodating special requests, Bojangles empowers their employees to provide a level of service that surpasses the norm. They encourage their team members to take pride in their work, fostering a culture of excellence and a commitment to making every customer interaction a positive one.

In conclusion, Bojangles Inc's mission statement centers around their dedication to delivering exceptional Southern hospitality and flavorful food. By prioritizing warm and genuine customer service, preparing delicious and authentic Southern cuisine, and consistently exceeding expectations, Bojangles aims to create a memorable dining experience that keeps customers coming back for more.

How does Bojangles Inc make money?

Revenue streams of Bojangles Inc.

Bojangles Inc generates revenue through multiple streams, primarily driven by its fast-food restaurant operations. Here are the key ways the company makes money:

1. Company-owned restaurant sales

The majority of Bojangles Inc's revenue comes from the sales made at its company-owned restaurants. These restaurants serve a wide range of menu items, including the famous Bojangles' chicken and biscuits, sandwiches, salads, and sides. Customers can dine in, take out, or use the drive-thru service, contributing to the overall revenue of the company.

2. Franchise fees and royalties

Bojangles Inc also earns revenue through its franchise business model. The company grants franchisees the right to operate Bojangles restaurants under its brand name and provides support and resources to ensure their success. In return, franchisees pay an initial franchise fee to join the Bojangles system and ongoing royalty fees based on a percentage of their sales. This allows the company to expand its footprint while generating a steady stream of income from franchisees.

3. Real estate leasing

Another source of revenue for Bojangles Inc is the leasing of real estate properties. The company owns some of the land and buildings where its restaurants are located. In cases where a restaurant is not company-owned, Bojangles Inc may lease the property to a franchisee or a third-party. By collecting rent or lease payments, the company generates additional income from its real estate holdings.

4. Licensing and merchandise

Bojangles Inc has also capitalized on its brand recognition to generate revenue through licensing and merchandise sales. The company licenses its trademarks, logos, and recipes to third-party manufacturers and suppliers who produce and sell Bojangles-branded products such as sauces, seasonings, and ready-to-eat meals. The sale of these licensed products contributes to the overall revenue of the company.

5. Catering services

To cater to larger events and gatherings, Bojangles Inc offers catering services. This includes providing a variety of menu options for corporate meetings, parties, and special occasions. By offering catering services, the company taps into a different revenue stream, targeting customers who require food for larger groups.

In summary, Bojangles Inc's revenue is primarily generated through company-owned restaurant sales, franchise fees and royalties, real estate leasing, licensing and merchandise, as well as catering services. By diversifying its income streams, the company ensures a resilient and sustainable business model.

Bojangles Inc Business Model Canvas Explained

The Business Model Canvas: An Overview

The Business Model Canvas is a strategic management tool that helps organizations visualize and understand the key components of their business model. It provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing, designing, and describing a company's value proposition, customer segments, revenue streams, key activities, resources, and more.

Bojangles Inc's Value Proposition

Bojangles Inc, a well-known fast-food chain specializing in Southern-style fried chicken and biscuits, has a unique value proposition that sets it apart from its competitors. The company focuses on serving high-quality, flavorful food made from scratch using traditional recipes and cooking techniques. This commitment to quality and authenticity resonates with its target market and has helped Bojangles establish a loyal customer base.

Customer Segments

Bojangles primarily targets customers who appreciate Southern cuisine and crave the taste of homemade comfort food. The company's customer segments include individuals who enjoy fast food but desire a higher quality dining experience, families looking for convenient and delicious meals, and individuals seeking a taste of Southern culture.

Channels

To reach its customers, Bojangles utilizes a variety of channels. These include its brick-and-mortar restaurants located in strategic locations, drive-thru services for quick and convenient dining, takeout and delivery options, as well as online platforms for ordering and promotions. Bojangles also engages with its customers through social media channels, allowing for direct communication and targeted marketing campaigns.

Revenue Streams

Bojangles generates revenue through multiple streams. The primary source of income is the sale of its food and beverage products, which includes a variety of menu items such as its famous chicken and biscuits, sides, desserts, and beverages. Additionally, Bojangles earns revenue through catering services for special events and gatherings, licensing agreements for branded merchandise, and franchise fees from its franchisees.

Key Activities

To deliver on its value proposition and reach its revenue goals, Bojangles engages in several key activities. These include recipe development and menu planning to ensure a diverse and appealing offering, sourcing high-quality ingredients, managing restaurant operations, marketing and branding efforts, training and development of employees, and maintaining relationships with suppliers and franchisees.

Key Resources

Bojangles relies on various resources to support its operations and deliver value to its customers. These resources include its physical assets such as restaurant locations, kitchen equipment, and inventory. Additionally, the company's brand reputation, recipes, and cooking techniques are critical resources that contribute to its success. Bojangles also relies on its talented workforce, supply chain partnerships, and technological infrastructure to operate efficiently and effectively.

Key Partnerships

Bojangles collaborates with key partners to enhance its business model and create additional value. These partnerships include relationships with suppliers to ensure a consistent supply of high-quality ingredients, franchisees who operate and expand the brand's presence, and marketing agencies to develop and execute effective advertising campaigns. By leveraging these partnerships, Bojangles can focus on its core competencies while benefiting from the expertise and resources of its partners.

Conclusion

The Business Model Canvas provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the key elements of Bojangles Inc's business model. By analyzing its value proposition, customer segments, channels, revenue streams, key activities, resources, and partnerships, it becomes evident how Bojangles has successfully differentiated itself in the fast-food industry. This strategic tool offers valuable insights for both existing and aspiring entrepreneurs aiming to develop and refine their own business models.

Which companies are the competitors of Bojangles Inc?

Bojangles Inc.'s Competitors in the Fast Food Industry

When it comes to the fast food industry, Bojangles Inc. faces stiff competition from several well-established companies. These competitors are constantly vying for customers' attention and loyalty in the highly competitive market. Here are some of the major players that pose a challenge to Bojangles Inc.'s market share:

1. Chick-fil-A

Chick-fil-A is one of the biggest competitors of Bojangles Inc. Known for its signature chicken sandwiches and exceptional customer service, Chick-fil-A has built a loyal customer base across the United States. Their focus on quality ingredients and a friendly dining experience has made them a tough rival for Bojangles Inc. in the fast food chicken segment.

2. Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen

Popeyes, famous for its Cajun-inspired fried chicken, is another major competitor of Bojangles Inc. With its bold flavors and diverse menu options, Popeyes has successfully attracted customers looking for a unique and spicy taste. The brand has been expanding rapidly, opening new locations and gaining popularity across the country, posing a significant challenge to Bojangles Inc.'s market presence.

3. KFC

Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is a global fast food chain that has been a dominant player in the industry for decades. Known for its secret blend of 11 herbs and spices, KFC offers a wide range of fried chicken products that appeal to a broad customer base. With its extensive network of stores and powerful brand recognition, KFC competes directly with Bojangles Inc. for customers seeking delicious fried chicken options.

4. Zaxby's

Zaxby's is a regional fast food chain primarily located in the Southern United States. Similar to Bojangles Inc., Zaxby's specializes in chicken-based meals, including chicken fingers, wings, and salads. The brand has gained popularity for its unique sauce offerings and focus on quality ingredients. While not as widespread as some of the other competitors, Zaxby's remains a formidable challenger for Bojangles Inc. in the areas where they both operate.

5. McDonald's

Although primarily known for its hamburgers, McDonald's cannot be ignored as a competitor to Bojangles Inc. The fast food giant has a diverse menu that includes various chicken options, such as McNuggets and McChicken sandwiches. McDonald's massive global presence, marketing prowess, and competitive pricing make it a constant threat to Bojangles Inc.'s market share, especially in locations where the two brands overlap.

These competitors, along with other regional and local fast food chains, create a challenging landscape for Bojangles Inc. However, by focusing on their unique Southern flavors, high-quality ingredients, and emphasis on customer satisfaction, Bojangles Inc. continues to hold its ground and attract loyal customers in the highly competitive fast food industry.

Bojangles Inc SWOT Analysis

Strengths

• Established brand: Bojangles Inc has been in the fast-food industry for several decades, and as a result, it has built a strong brand presence among consumers. The company is well-known for its flavorful fried chicken and unique Southern-inspired menu options.

• Strong regional presence: Bojangles Inc primarily operates in the Southeastern United States, where it has a loyal customer base. This regional focus allows the company to better understand the preferences and tastes of its target market and tailor its offerings accordingly.

• Efficient supply chain: Bojangles Inc has developed a robust supply chain system that ensures the timely delivery of fresh ingredients to its restaurants. This allows the company to maintain consistent quality across its menu items and meet customer expectations.

• Diverse menu options: Bojangles Inc offers a diverse range of menu options, including breakfast items, sandwiches, salads, and desserts, in addition to its signature fried chicken. This variety appeals to a wider customer base and increases the likelihood of repeat visits.

Weaknesses

• Limited geographical presence: While Bojangles Inc has a strong presence in the Southeastern United States, it has limited expansion into other regions. This lack of nationwide coverage limits the company's growth potential and prevents it from capitalizing on opportunities in untapped markets.

• Reliance on fried chicken: Although Bojangles Inc's fried chicken is highly regarded, the company's heavy reliance on this single menu item poses a risk. Consumer preferences and dietary trends may shift towards healthier options, and failure to adapt could result in a loss of customers.

• Inconsistent customer service: Some customers have reported inconsistent experiences with customer service at Bojangles Inc restaurants. This inconsistency can negatively impact the overall brand perception and hinder customer loyalty.

Opportunities

• Expansion into new markets: Bojangles Inc has the opportunity to expand its operations beyond the Southeastern United States. By targeting new markets and adapting its menu to local preferences, the company can tap into a larger customer base and increase its revenue streams.

• Health-conscious menu options: As more consumers prioritize healthier eating habits, Bojangles Inc can capitalize on this trend by introducing healthier menu options. By offering salads, grilled items, and low-calorie alternatives, the company can attract health-conscious customers and differentiate itself from competitors.

• Online ordering and delivery: The rise of online food delivery platforms presents an opportunity for Bojangles Inc to increase its reach and convenience. By partnering with popular delivery services or developing its own online ordering platform, the company can cater to the changing preferences of customers who seek convenience and accessibility.

Threats

• Intense competition: The fast-food industry is highly competitive, with numerous national and regional players. Bojangles Inc faces intense competition from well-established brands as well as emerging fast-food chains. Competitors with larger market shares and greater resources may pose a threat to Bojangles Inc's market position.

• Changing consumer preferences: Shifting consumer preferences, particularly towards healthier and more sustainable food options, can pose a threat to Bojangles Inc. Failure to adapt to changing trends may result in a decline in customer loyalty and a loss of market share.

• Economic instability: Economic downturns can impact consumer spending habits and discretionary income. In times of economic uncertainty, consumers may cut back on dining out, which could adversely affect Bojangles Inc's sales and profitability.

• Increasing costs: Rising labor and ingredient costs can erode Bojangles Inc's profit margins. In an industry where pricing is highly competitive, it may be challenging for the company to pass these increased costs onto customers without negatively impacting sales.

Key Takeaways

• Bojangles Inc is owned by Durational Capital Management LP and The Jordan Company, who acquired the company in 2019.

• The mission statement of Bojangles Inc is to "be the best restaurant company in the communities we serve by running great restaurants and providing exceptional experiences to our guests."

• Bojangles Inc primarily makes money through the sales of its food and beverages in its restaurants.

• The Business Model Canvas of Bojangles Inc can be explained by its key activities such as menu innovation, franchise expansion, and marketing strategies to attract customers.

• Competitors of Bojangles Inc include fast-food chains like Chick-fil-A, Popeyes, KFC, and McDonald's.

• In terms of a SWOT analysis, Bojangles Inc's strengths lie in its strong brand recognition and loyal customer base, while weaknesses may include limited international presence. Opportunities for growth include expanding into new markets and diversifying its menu offerings, while threats may include increasing competition and changing consumer preferences.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Bojangles Inc is a well-established fast-food chain that has seen success in the market. The ownership of the company is primarily held by Durational Capital Management and The Jordan Company, with a minority stake held by management. The mission statement of Bojangles Inc focuses on providing high-quality, flavorful food and excellent customer service to its customers.

Bojangles Inc generates revenue through various streams, including the sales of food and beverages, franchise fees, and licensing agreements. The company's business model canvas highlights its key activities, resources, and partnerships that contribute to its success.

While Bojangles Inc has seen growth and popularity, it faces competition from other fast-food chains in the market. Some of its main competitors include Chick-fil-A, KFC, Popeyes, and McDonald's. These companies also offer similar menu items and target a similar customer base.

A SWOT analysis of Bojangles Inc reveals its strengths, such as its strong brand recognition and loyal customer base. However, it also faces weaknesses, such as limited international presence and the potential impact of changing consumer preferences. Opportunities for growth include expanding into new markets and introducing innovative menu items, while threats include intense competition and potential economic downturns.

Overall, Bojangles Inc has a solid foundation and a clear mission that guides its operations. By understanding its ownership, mission statement, revenue sources, business model canvas, competitors, and conducting a SWOT analysis, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of this successful fast-food chain.

FAQs

What are the weaknesses of Bojangles?

Some of the weaknesses of Bojangles, a popular fast-food restaurant chain, may include:

1. Limited geographic presence: Bojangles primarily operates in the Southern United States, which limits its market reach and potential customer base compared to nationwide chains.

2. Limited menu diversity: While Bojangles is known for its Southern-style chicken and biscuits, its menu options may be limited compared to other fast-food chains, potentially leading to less variety for customers.

3. Competition: The fast-food industry is highly competitive, with numerous established chains and new entrants. Bojangles faces intense competition from larger, nationwide chains that have a more extensive presence and greater brand recognition.

4. Dependence on specific products: Bojangles heavily relies on its signature chicken and biscuits, making it vulnerable to changes in consumer preferences or potential supply chain disruptions affecting the availability or cost of these ingredients.

5. Relatively smaller size: Bojangles is a smaller chain compared to industry giants like McDonald's or KFC. This may limit its ability to invest heavily in marketing, research, and development, and may result in less bargaining power with suppliers.

6. Limited international presence: Bojangles does not have a significant international presence, which limits its potential for growth in global markets and exposes the company to economic fluctuations in a single region.

7. Seasonal fluctuations: Bojangles experiences seasonal fluctuations in sales, with increased demand during the colder months when warm comfort food like chicken and biscuits are more popular. This may result in revenue challenges during the warmer months.

8. Dependence on dine-in customers: Bojangles' business model heavily relies on dine-in customers. During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions on indoor dining negatively impacted their sales, highlighting a vulnerability to external factors affecting consumer behavior and dining preferences.

These weaknesses should be considered alongside Bojangles' strengths and opportunities to get a holistic understanding of the company's overall position in the fast-food industry.

What will be your SWOT analysis for the company?

Strengths:

1. Strong brand reputation: The company has established a strong brand image in the market, which helps in attracting and retaining customers.
2. Innovative product offerings: The company offers a wide range of innovative and high-quality products that cater to the needs of diverse customer segments.
3. Broad distribution network: The company has an extensive distribution network, which enables it to reach customers in various geographical locations efficiently.
4. Strong financial position: The company has a robust financial position with steady revenue growth and healthy profitability, allowing it to invest in research and development and expand operations.
5. Skilled workforce: The company has a talented and skilled workforce, which contributes to its operational efficiency and ability to deliver quality products.

Weaknesses:

1. Dependence on a few key suppliers: The company relies heavily on a few key suppliers for raw materials, which poses a risk in terms of supply chain disruptions and pricing fluctuations.
2. Limited market presence in certain regions: The company may have limited market presence in certain regions, which hinders its growth potential in those areas.
3. High production costs: The company incurs high production costs due to factors such as labor expenses and raw material prices, which can impact its profitability.

Opportunities:

1. Growing demand for sustainable products: There is an increasing demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable products, presenting an opportunity for the company to develop and market such offerings.
2. Expansion into emerging markets: The company can explore opportunities to expand its presence in emerging markets where there is a growing middle class and rising disposable incomes.
3. Technological advancements: Advancements in technology present opportunities for the company to develop new products or improve existing ones, enhancing its competitiveness in the market.

Threats:

1. Intense competition: The industry is highly competitive, with numerous players offering similar products. This intensifies pricing pressures and the need for continuous innovation.
2. Economic fluctuations: Economic downturns or fluctuations can impact consumer spending patterns, potentially affecting the demand for the company's products.
3. Changing consumer preferences: Shifts in consumer preferences and trends can pose a threat if the company fails to adapt and meet changing customer demands.
4. Regulatory changes: Changes in regulations, such as safety or environmental standards, can require the company to make significant adjustments to its operations, impacting costs and compliance.

What is a SWOT analysis of a business opportunity?

A SWOT analysis is a framework used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with a particular business opportunity. Here is a breakdown of each component in the context of a SWOT analysis for a business opportunity:

1. Strengths: These are the internal factors that give the business an advantage over competitors. This could include unique selling points, strong brand recognition, skilled workforce, efficient processes, access to resources, or existing customer base.

2. Weaknesses: These are the internal factors that put the business at a disadvantage compared to competitors. This could include limited financial resources, lack of expertise or experience, outdated technology, poor reputation, or inefficient operations.

3. Opportunities: These are the external factors that could positively impact the business. This could include emerging market trends, changing customer preferences, technological advancements, favorable economic conditions, or new market segments to target.

4. Threats: These are the external factors that could negatively impact the business. This could include intense competition, legal or regulatory changes, economic downturns, disruptive technologies, changing consumer behavior, or supplier issues.

By conducting a SWOT analysis, businesses can identify their strengths and weaknesses, as well as understand the external opportunities and threats that could affect their success. This information can help them make informed decisions, develop strategies, and mitigate potential risks associated with the business opportunity.

What is an example of a company that has a SWOT analysis?

One example of a company that has a SWOT analysis is Apple Inc. Here is a brief overview of its SWOT analysis:

Strengths:

1. Strong brand identity and loyal customer base.
2. Innovative and high-quality products, as well as a diverse product portfolio.
3. Robust financial performance and high-profit margins.
4. Strong global presence and extensive distribution network.

Weaknesses:

1. High product prices, which may limit market penetration.
2. Dependence on a few key suppliers, making the supply chain vulnerable to disruptions.
3. Reliance on iPhone sales, which account for a significant portion of revenue.
4. Limited customization options compared to some competitors.

Opportunities:

1. Growing demand for wearable devices and smart home technology.
2. Expansion into emerging markets, such as India and China.
3. Increasing adoption of digital services, such as Apple Music and Apple Pay.
4. Potential for growth in the services segment, including the App Store and Apple Arcade.

Threats:

1. Intense competition in the technology industry, especially from companies like Samsung, Google, and Microsoft.
2. Rapidly changing consumer preferences and technological advancements.
3. Potential disruptions in the global supply chain, such as trade tensions or natural disasters.
4. Rising concern over privacy and data security, which may affect consumer trust.

Note: Please keep in mind that this SWOT analysis is a simplified overview, and a comprehensive analysis would involve more factors and details.